Relationship between Alexithymia and Suicidal Ideation: Does Depression Play a Role as Mediator Variable?
Subject Areas : psychology
1 - Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Keywords: Alexithymia, Suicidal Ideation, Depression,
Abstract :
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between alexithymia and suicidal ideation while considering the role of depression as a mediator variable. A sample of 200 students from Tarbiat Moallem University completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Suicide Ideation Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data was analyzed using multiple regressions. The results showed that depression was a mediator between alexithymia and suicidal ideation only to an extent. Results also showed that suicidal ideation was directly and significantly correlated with alexithymia.
References:
بخشایی، نورمحمد (1381). بررسی رابطه ابعاد شخصیتی با رویدادهای استرس¬زا و حمایت اجتماعی در افراد افسرده: آزمون مدل شناختی افسردگی. پایان¬نامه دکتری روان¬شناسی بالینی. انستیتو روانپزشکی تهران.
ثقه¬الاسلام، طاهره؛ آذر، ماهیار؛ رضایی، امیدوار؛ و نوحی، سیما (1384). خودکشی در ده سال گذشته در ایران. خلاصه مقالات هفتمین کنگره پژوهش¬های روان¬پزشکی و روان¬شناسی در ایران. تهران: دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
زرانی، فریبا (1385). طرح جامع پیشگیری از خودکشی در میان دانشجویان. تهران: دفتر مرکزی مشاوره وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری.
سرمد، زهره (1378). متغیرهای تعدیل کننده و واسطه¬ای: تمایزات مفهومی و راهبردی. پژوهشهای روان¬شناختی، دوره 5، شماره 3 و 4، 81-63.
محمد، سعيد (1380). بررسي ويژگي¬هاي شخصيتي افراد مبتلا به كوليت اولسروز و مقايسه آن با افراد سالم. پایان¬نامه کارشناسی ارشد. انستيتو روانپزشكي تهران.
محمدی¬فر، محمدعلی؛ حبیبی، مجتبی؛ و بشارت، محمدعلی (1384). ساخت و هنجاریابی مقیاس اندیشه خودکشی. مجله علوم روانشناختی، دوره چهارم، شماره 16، 361-339.
Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I: Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32.
Berenbaum, H., & Irvin, S. (1996). Alexithymia, anger, and interpersonal behavior. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 65, 203-208.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K., & Brown, M. Z. (2007). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 371-394.
Chapman, A. L., Specht, M. S., & Cellucci, T. (2005). Borderline personality disorder and deliberate self-harm: Does experiential avoidance play a role? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35, 388-399.
Eizaguirre, A. E., Cabezon, A. O. S., Alda, I. O., Olariaga, L.J., & Juaniz, M. (2004). Alexithymia and its relationships with anxiety and depression in eating disorders. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 321-331.
Favazza, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1993). Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 134-139.
Ghasemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, A. (2005). Psychometric of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory (2 Ed) (BDI-II) persian. Depression and Anxiety, 21, 182-192.
Ghorbani, N., Bing, M. N., Watson, P. J., Davison, H. K., & Mack, D. A. (2002). Self-reported emotional intelligence: Construct similarity and functional dissimilarity of higher-order processing in Iran and United-States. International Journal of Psychology, 37, 297-308.
Gratz, K. L. (2006). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among female college students: The role and interaction of childhood maltreatment, emotional in expressivity, and affect intensity/reactivity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 238-250.
Haviland, M. G., Shaw, D. G., MacMurray, J. P., & Cummings, M. A. (1998). Validation of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale with substance abusers. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 50, 81-87.
Hintikka, J., Honkalampi, K., Lehtonen, J., & Viinamaki, H. (2001). Are alexithymia and depression distinct or overlapping constructs? A study in a general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 234-239.
Hintikka, J., Honkalampi, K., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Antikainen, R., Tanskanen, A., Haatainen, K. & Viinamaki, H. (2004). Alexithymia and suicidal ideation: A 12-month follow-up study in a general population.
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 340-345.
Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Tanskanen, A., Lehtonen, J., & Viinamaki, H.
(2000). Depression is strongly associated with alexithymia in the general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 99-104.
Kauhanen, J., Kaplan, G. A., Cohen, R. D., Julkunen, J., & Salonen, J. T.
(1996). Alexithymia and risk of death in middle-aged men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 541-549.
Lancu, l., Horesh, N., Offer, D., Dannon, P. N., Lepkifker, E., & Kotler, M. (1999). Alexithymia, affect intensity, and emotional range in suicidal patients. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 68, 276-280.
Lancu, l., Dannon, P. N., Poreh, A., Lepkifker, E., & Grunhaus, L. (2001). Alexithymia and suicidality in panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 477-481.
Marnat, G. G. (1990). Handbook of psychological assessment. U.S.A: John Wiley & Sons.
Modestin, J., Furrer, R., & Malti, T. (2004). Study on alexitymia in adult non-patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 707-709.
Orbach, I., Bar-Joseph, H., & Dror, N. (1990). Styles and problem solving in suicidal individuals. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 20, 57-64.
Osuch, E. A., Noll, J. G., & Putnam, F. W. (1999). The motivations for self-injury in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64, 334-346.
Paivio, S. C., & McCulloch, C. R. (2004). Alexithymia as a mediator between childhood trauma and self-injurious behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 339-354.
Parker, J. D. A., Shaughnessy, P. A., Wood, L. M., Majeski, S. A., & Eastabrook, J. M. (2005). Cross-cultural alexithymia validity of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in North American aboriginal populations. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 83-88.
Polk, E., & Liss, M. (2007). Psychological characteristics of self-injurious behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 567-577.
Roy, A. (2000). Suicidal behavior in twins: a replication. Journal of Affective Disorder, 66, 71-74.
Solomon, Y., & Farrand, J. (1996). Why don’t you do it properly: Young
women who self-injure. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 111-119.
Suyemoto, K., & MacDonald, M. (1995). Self-cutting in female adolescents. Psychotherapy, 32, 162-171.
Taiminen, T. J., Saarijarvi, S., Helenius, H., Keskinen, A., & Korpilahti, T. (1996). Alexithymia in suicide attempters. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 195-198.
Taylor, G. J. (2000). Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 134-142.
Zlotnick, C., Shea, M. T., Pearlstein, T., Simposon, E., Costello, E., & Begin, A. (1996). The relationship between dissociative symptoms, alexithymia, impulsivity, sexual abuse, and self-mutilation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 12-16.
Zlotnick, C., Mattia, J. I., & Zimmerman, M. (2001). The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, childhood trauma and alexithymia in an outpatient sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 177-188.
بخشایی، نورمحمد (1381). بررسی رابطه ابعاد شخصیتی با رویدادهای استرس¬زا و حمایت اجتماعی در افراد افسرده: آزمون مدل شناختی افسردگی. پایان¬نامه دکتری روان¬شناسی بالینی. انستیتو روانپزشکی تهران.
ثقه¬الاسلام، طاهره؛ آذر، ماهیار؛ رضایی، امیدوار؛ و نوحی، سیما (1384). خودکشی در ده سال گذشته در ایران. خلاصه مقالات هفتمین کنگره پژوهش¬های روان¬پزشکی و روان¬شناسی در ایران. تهران: دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
زرانی، فریبا (1385). طرح جامع پیشگیری از خودکشی در میان دانشجویان. تهران: دفتر مرکزی مشاوره وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری.
سرمد، زهره (1378). متغیرهای تعدیل کننده و واسطه¬ای: تمایزات مفهومی و راهبردی. پژوهشهای روان¬شناختی، دوره 5، شماره 3 و 4، 81-63.
محمد، سعيد (1380). بررسي ويژگي¬هاي شخصيتي افراد مبتلا به كوليت اولسروز و مقايسه آن با افراد سالم. پایان¬نامه کارشناسی ارشد. انستيتو روانپزشكي تهران.
محمدی¬فر، محمدعلی؛ حبیبی، مجتبی؛ و بشارت، محمدعلی (1384). ساخت و هنجاریابی مقیاس اندیشه خودکشی. مجله علوم روانشناختی، دوره چهارم، شماره 16، 361-339.
Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I: Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32.
Berenbaum, H., & Irvin, S. (1996). Alexithymia, anger, and interpersonal behavior. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 65, 203-208.
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K., & Brown, M. Z. (2007). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 371-394.
Chapman, A. L., Specht, M. S., & Cellucci, T. (2005). Borderline personality disorder and deliberate self-harm: Does experiential avoidance play a role? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35, 388-399.
Eizaguirre, A. E., Cabezon, A. O. S., Alda, I. O., Olariaga, L.J., & Juaniz, M. (2004). Alexithymia and its relationships with anxiety and depression in eating disorders. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 321-331.
Favazza, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1993). Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 134-139.
Ghasemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, A. (2005). Psychometric of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory (2 Ed) (BDI-II) persian. Depression and Anxiety, 21, 182-192.
Ghorbani, N., Bing, M. N., Watson, P. J., Davison, H. K., & Mack, D. A. (2002). Self-reported emotional intelligence: Construct similarity and functional dissimilarity of higher-order processing in Iran and United-States. International Journal of Psychology, 37, 297-308.
Gratz, K. L. (2006). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among female college students: The role and interaction of childhood maltreatment, emotional in expressivity, and affect intensity/reactivity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 238-250.
Haviland, M. G., Shaw, D. G., MacMurray, J. P., & Cummings, M. A. (1998). Validation of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale with substance abusers. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 50, 81-87.
Hintikka, J., Honkalampi, K., Lehtonen, J., & Viinamaki, H. (2001). Are alexithymia and depression distinct or overlapping constructs? A study in a general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 234-239.
Hintikka, J., Honkalampi, K., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Antikainen, R., Tanskanen, A., Haatainen, K. & Viinamaki, H. (2004). Alexithymia and suicidal ideation: A 12-month follow-up study in a general population.
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 340-345.
Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Tanskanen, A., Lehtonen, J., & Viinamaki, H.
(2000). Depression is strongly associated with alexithymia in the general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 99-104.
Kauhanen, J., Kaplan, G. A., Cohen, R. D., Julkunen, J., & Salonen, J. T.
(1996). Alexithymia and risk of death in middle-aged men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 541-549.
Lancu, l., Horesh, N., Offer, D., Dannon, P. N., Lepkifker, E., & Kotler, M. (1999). Alexithymia, affect intensity, and emotional range in suicidal patients. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 68, 276-280.
Lancu, l., Dannon, P. N., Poreh, A., Lepkifker, E., & Grunhaus, L. (2001). Alexithymia and suicidality in panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 477-481.
Marnat, G. G. (1990). Handbook of psychological assessment. U.S.A: John Wiley & Sons.
Modestin, J., Furrer, R., & Malti, T. (2004). Study on alexitymia in adult non-patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 707-709.
Orbach, I., Bar-Joseph, H., & Dror, N. (1990). Styles and problem solving in suicidal individuals. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 20, 57-64.
Osuch, E. A., Noll, J. G., & Putnam, F. W. (1999). The motivations for self-injury in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 64, 334-346.
Paivio, S. C., & McCulloch, C. R. (2004). Alexithymia as a mediator between childhood trauma and self-injurious behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 339-354.
Parker, J. D. A., Shaughnessy, P. A., Wood, L. M., Majeski, S. A., & Eastabrook, J. M. (2005). Cross-cultural alexithymia validity of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in North American aboriginal populations. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 83-88.
Polk, E., & Liss, M. (2007). Psychological characteristics of self-injurious behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 567-577.
Roy, A. (2000). Suicidal behavior in twins: a replication. Journal of Affective Disorder, 66, 71-74.
Solomon, Y., & Farrand, J. (1996). Why don’t you do it properly: Young
women who self-injure. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 111-119.
Suyemoto, K., & MacDonald, M. (1995). Self-cutting in female adolescents. Psychotherapy, 32, 162-171.
Taiminen, T. J., Saarijarvi, S., Helenius, H., Keskinen, A., & Korpilahti, T. (1996). Alexithymia in suicide attempters. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 195-198.
Taylor, G. J. (2000). Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 134-142.
Zlotnick, C., Shea, M. T., Pearlstein, T., Simposon, E., Costello, E., & Begin, A. (1996). The relationship between dissociative symptoms, alexithymia, impulsivity, sexual abuse, and self-mutilation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 12-16.
Zlotnick, C., Mattia, J. I., & Zimmerman, M. (2001). The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, childhood trauma and alexithymia in an outpatient sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 177-188.