Reliability and Validity of the Short Form of the Reflective Function Questionnaire
Subject Areas : psychologyFatemeh Arab Ali doosti 1 , محمود دهقانی 2 * , maryam roshan 3 , somayeh robat mili 4
1 -
2 -
3 - Payam Noor university
4 -
Keywords: reflection function, credibility, validity, factor analysis, reliability,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to validate or determine the psychometric properties of the Reflection Function Questionnaire. The statistical population of this study included all students of Payam Noor universities in West Azerbaijan (Miandoab, Shahindej, Bukan, Urmia) and Tabriz who were studying in the academic year 2017-2018. Among them, 570 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling, and answered the 8-question Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ). The collected data was randomly divided into two equal parts (n=285) for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results obtained from exploratory factor analysis with principal components and oblimin rotation showed a two-factor structure which were named certainty and uncertainty. The amount of eigenvalue for certainty and uncertainty were 2.04 and 1.39, respectively. Also, the first factor (certainty) and the second factor (uncertainty) explained 25.56 and 13.42 percent of the variance of scores. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the bifactor structure (χ2=76.12, df=48, P=0.01; GFI=0.98; AGFI=0.96; CFI=0.98; RMSEA=0.03). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for factors were 0.78 and 0.76, respectively. In addition, the retest results for certainty and uncertainty factors were 0.76 and 0.73, respectively, and the composite reliability index for these two factors were 0.88 and 0.86, respectively. The results of Pearson's correlation to examine convergent validity with attachment styles and Emotion regulation difficulty showed that there is a significant relationship between these variables at the 0.01 level. Also, using the Fornell and Locker index, the discriminant validity of RFQ was confirmed. According to the obtained results, the validity and reliability of the Persian version of RFQ can be confirmed.
بشارت، محمدعلی. (1386). بررسی ویژگیهای روانسنجی مقیاس دشواری تنظیم هیجان. گزارش پژوهشی، دانشگاه تهران.
Anis, L., Perez, G., Benzies, K. M., Ewashen, C., Hart, M., & Letourneau, N. (2020). Convergent validity of three measures of reflective function: Parent Development Interview, Parental Reflective Function Question-naire, and Reflective Function Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psycho-logy, 11, 574-719.
Antonsen, B. T., Johansen, M. S., Rø, F. G., Kvarstein, E. H., & Wilberg, T. (2016). Is reflective functioning associated with clinical symptoms and long-term course in patients with personality disorders? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 64, 46-58.
Badoud, D., Luyten, P., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Eliez, S., Fonagy, P., & Debbané, M. (2015). The French version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Validity data for adolescents and adults and its association with non-suicidal self-injury. PloS One, 10 (12), e0145892.
Besharat, M. A. (2011). Development and validation of Adult Attachment Inventory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 475-479.
Bouchard, M.- A., Target, M., Lecours, S., Fonagy, P., Tremblay, L. M., Schachter, A., & Stein, H. (2008). Mentalization in adult attachment narratives: Reflective functioning, mental states, and affect elobaration compared. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25 (1), 47.
Cucchi, A., Hampton, J. A., & Moulton-Perkins, A. (2018). Using the validated Reflective Functioning Questionnaire to investigate mentalizing in individuals presenting with eating disorders with and without self-harm. Peer-reviewed journal, 6, e5756.
Drogar, E., Fathi-Ashtiani, A., & Ashrafi, E. (2020). Validation and Reliability of the Persian version of the Mentalization Questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12 (1), 1-12.
Duncan, L., Yilmaz, Z., Gaspar, H., Walters, R., Goldstein, J., Anttila, V., & Bulik, C. M. (2017). Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174 (9), 850-858.
Fonagy, P. G., Jurist, G., & Target, E. M. (Eds) (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. New York, NY: Other Press (203-251).
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21 (4), 1355-1381.
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9 (4), 679-700.
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Allison, E., & Campbell, C. (2017). What we have changed our minds about: Part 2. Borderline personality disorder, epistemic trust and the developmental significance of social communication. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 4 (1), 1-12.
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y. W., Warren, F., Howard, S., ... & Lowyck, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. PloS One, 11 (7), e0158678.
Fonagy, P., Steele, H., Steele, M., & Holder, J. (1997). Attachment and theory of mind: Overlapping constructs?. Occasional Papers-association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, (14), 31-40.
Gambin, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Konecka, A., & Sharp, C. (2021). Relations between attachment to mother and father, mentalizing abilities and emotion regulation in adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18 (1), 18-37.
Handeland, T. B., Kristiansen, V. R., Lau, B., Håkansson, U., & Øie, M. G. (2019). High degree of uncertain reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 10, 100-193.
Humfress, H., O'Connor, T. G., Slaughter, J., Target, M., & Fonagy, P. (2002). General and relationship‐specific models of social cognition: Explaining the overlap and discrepancies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43 (7), 873-883.
Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., Lowyck, B., & Vermote, R. (2012). Assessment of mentalization In: Bateman and peter Fonagy (Eds), Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 43-65.
Luyten, P., Campbell, C., Allison, E., & Fonagy, P. (2020). The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: State of the art and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16, 297-325.
Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Nijssens, L., & Fonagy, P. (2017). The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation. PloS One, 12 (5), e0176218.
Marszał, M., & Jańczak, A. (2018). Emotion dysregulation, mentalization and romantic attachment in the nonclinical adolescent female sample. Current Psychology, 37 (4), 894-904.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications.
Midgley, N., & Vrouva, I. (Eds.). (2013). interventions with children, young people and their families. Minding the child: Mentalization-based: Routledge: England, UK.
Morandotti, N., Brondino, N., Merelli, A., Boldrini, A., De Vidovich, G. Z., Ricciardo, S., ... & Luyten, P. (2018). The Italian version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Validity data for adults and its association with severity of borderline personality disorder. PLoS One, 13 (11), e0206433.
Ordway, M. R., Sadler, L. S., Dixon, J., & Slade, A. (2014). Parental reflective functioning: Analysis and promotion of the concept for paediatric nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23 (23-24), 3490-3500.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (5), 879.
Schwarzer, N. H., Nolte, T., Fonagy, P., & Gingelmaier, S. (2021). Mentalizing and emotion regulation: Evidence from a nonclinical sample. International forum of Psychoanalysis, 30 (1), 34-45. Routledge, England, UK.
Seyed Mousavi, P. S., Vahidi, E., Ghanbari, S., Khoshroo, S., & Sakkaki, S. Z. (2021). Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ): Psychometric properties of the Persian translation and exploration of its mediating role in the relationship between attachment to parents and internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 20 (3), 313-330.
Sharp, C., Pane, H., Ha, C., Venta, A., Patel, A. B., Sturek, J., & Fonagy, P. (2011). Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50 (6), 563-573.